LED工艺流程图

　　 LED工艺流程图


　　LED封装

　　LED封装技术大都是在分立器件封装技术基础上发展与演变而来的，但却有很大的特殊性。一般情况下，分立器件的管芯被密封在封装体内，封装的作用主要是保护管芯和完成电气互连。而LED封装则是完成输出电信号，保护管芯正常工作，输出：可见光的功能，既有电参数，又有光参数的设计及技术要求，无法简单地将分立器件的封装用于LED。

　　LED的核心发光部分是由p型和n型半导体构成的pn结管芯，当注入pn结的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时，就会发出可见光，紫外光或近红外光。但pn结区发出的光子是非定向的，即向各个方向发射有相同的几率，因此，并不是管芯产生的所有光都可以释放出来，这主要取决于半导体材料质量、管芯结构及几何形状、封装内部结构与包封材料，应用要求提高LED的内、外部量子效率。常规Φ5mm型LED封装是将边长0.25mm的正方形管芯粘结或烧结在引线架上，管芯的正极通过球形接触点与金丝，键合为内引线与一条管脚相连，负极通过反射杯和引线架的另一管脚相连，然后其顶部用环氧树脂包封。反射杯的作用是收集管芯侧面、界面发出的光，向期望的方向角内发射。顶部包封的环氧树脂做成一定形状，有这样几种作用：保护管芯等不受外界侵蚀；采用不同的形状和材料性质(掺或不掺散色剂)，起透镜或漫射透镜功能，控制光的发散角；管芯折射率与空气折射率相关太大，致使管芯内部的全反射临界角很小，其有源层产生的光只有小部分被取出，大部分易在管芯内部经多次反射而被吸收，易发生全反射导致过多光损失，选用相应折射率的环氧树脂作过渡，提高管芯的光出射效率。用作构成管壳的环氧树脂须具有耐湿性，绝缘性，机械强度，对管芯发出光的折射率和透射率高。选择不同折射率的封装材料，封装几何形状对光子逸出效率的影响是不同的，发光强度的角分布也与管芯结构、光输出方式、封装透镜所用材质和形状有关。若采用尖形树脂透镜，可使光集中到LED的轴线方向，相应的视角较小；如果顶部的树脂透镜为圆形或平面型，其相应视角将增大。

　　一般情况下，LED的发光波长随温度变化为0．2-0．3nm／℃，光谱宽度随之增加，影响颜色鲜艳度。另外，当正向电流流经pn结，发热性损耗使结区产生温升，在室温附近，温度每升高1℃，LED的发光强度会相应地减少1％左右，封装散热；时保持色纯度与发光强度非常重要，以往多采用减少其驱动电流的办法，降低结温，多数LED的驱动电流限制在20mA左右。但是，LED的光输出会随电流的增大而增加，目前，很多功率型LED的驱动电流可以达到70mA、100mA甚至1A级，需要改进封装结构，全新的LED封装设计理念和低热阻封装结构及技术，改善热特性。例如，采用大面积芯片倒装结构，选用导热性能好的银胶，增大金属支架的表面积，焊料凸点的硅载体直接装在热沉上等方法。此外，在应用设计中，PCB线路板等的热设计、导热性能也十分重要。

　　进入21世纪后，LED的高效化、超高亮度化、全色化不断发展创新，红、橙LED光效已达到100Im／W，绿LED为501m／W，单只LED的光通量也达到数十Im。LED芯片和封装不再沿龚传统的设计理念与制造生产模式，在增加芯片的光输出方面，研发不仅仅限于改变材料内杂质数量，晶格缺陷和位错来提高内部效率，同时，如何改善管芯及封装内部结构，增强LED内部产生光子出射的几率，提高光效，解决散热，取光和热沉优化设计，改进光学性能，加速表面贴装化SMD进程更是产业界研发的主流方向。

　　1、产品封装结构类型

　　自上世纪九十年代以来，LED芯片及材料制作技术的研发取得多项突破，透明衬底梯形结构、纹理表面结构、芯片倒装结构，商品化的超高亮度(1cd以上)红、橙、黄、绿、蓝的LED产品相继问市，如表1所示，2000年开始在低、中光通量的特殊照明中获得应用。LED的上、中游产业受到前所未有的重视，进一步推动下游的封装技术及产业发展，采用不同封装结构形式与尺寸，不同发光颜色的管芯及其双色、或三色组合方式，可生产出多种系列，品种、规格的产品。

　　LED产品封装结构的类型如表2所示，也有根据发光颜色、芯片材料、发光亮度、尺寸大小等情况特征来分类的。单个管芯一般构成点光源，多个管芯组装一般可构成面光源和线光源，作信息、状态指示及显示用，发光显示器也是用多个管芯，通过管芯的适当连接(包括串联和并联)与合适的光学结构组合而成的，构成发光显示器的发光段和发光点。表面贴装LED可逐渐替代引脚式LED，应用设计更灵活，已在LED显示市场中占有一定的份额，有加速发展趋势。固体照明光源有部分产品上市，成为今后LED的中、长期发展方向。

　　2、引脚式封装

　　LED脚式封装采用引线架作各种封装外型的引脚，是最先研发成功投放市场的封装结构，品种数量繁多，技术成熟度较高，封装内结构与反射层仍在不断改进。标准LED被大多数客户认为是目前显示行业中最方便、最经济的解决方案，典型的传统LED安置在能承受0．1W输入功率的包封内，其90％的热量是由负极的引脚架散发至PCB板，再散发到空气中，如何降低工作时pn结的温升是封装与应用必须考虑的。包封材料多采用高温固化环氧树脂，其光性能优良，工艺适应性好，产品可*性高，可做成有色透明或无色透明和有色散射或无色散射的透镜封装，不同的透镜形状构成多种外形及尺寸，例如，圆形按直径分为Φ2mm、Φ3mm、Φ4．4mm、Φ5mm、Φ7mm等数种，环氧树脂的不同组份可产生不同的发光效果。花色点光源有多种不同的封装结构：陶瓷底座环氧树脂封装具有较好的工作温度性能，引脚可弯曲成所需形状，体积小；金属底座塑料反射罩式封装是一种节能指示灯，适作电源指示用；闪烁式将CMOS振荡电路芯片与LED管芯组合封装，可自行产生较强视觉冲击的闪烁光；双色型由两种不同发光颜色的管芯组成，封装在同一环氧树脂透镜中，除双色外还可获得第三种的混合色，在大屏幕显示系统中的应用极为广泛，并可封装组成双色显示器件；电压型将恒流源芯片与LED管芯组合封装，可直接替代5—24V的各种电压指示灯。面光源是多个LED管芯粘结在微型PCB板的规定位置上，采用塑料反射框罩并灌封环氧树脂而形成，PCB板的不同设计确定外引线排列和连接方式，有双列直插与单列直插等结构形式。点、面光源现已开发出数百种封装外形及尺寸，供市场及客户适用。

　　LED发光显示器可由数码管或米字管、符号管、矩陈管组成各种多位产品，由实际需求设计成各种形状与结构。以数码管为例，有反射罩式、单片集成式、单条七段式等三种封装结构，连接方式有共阳极和共阴极两种，一位就是通常说的数码管，两位以上的一般称作显示器。反射罩式具有字型大，用料省，组装灵活的混合封装特点，一般用白色塑料制作成带反射腔的七段形外壳，将单个LED管芯粘结在与反射罩的七个反射腔互相对位的PCB板上，每个反射腔底部的中心位置是管芯形成的发光区，用压焊方法键合引线，在反射罩内滴人环氧树脂，与粘好管芯的PCB板对位粘合，然后固化即成。反射罩式又分为空封和实封两种，前者采用散射剂与染料的环氧树脂，多用于单位、双位器件；后者上盖滤色片与匀光膜，并在管芯与底板上涂透明绝缘胶，提高出光效率，一般用于四位以上的数字显示。单片集成式是在发光材料晶片上制作大量七段数码显示器图形管芯，然后划片分割成单片图形管芯，粘结、压焊、封装带透镜(俗称鱼眼透镜)的外壳。单条七段式将已制作好的大面积LED芯片，划割成内含一只或多只管芯的发光条，如此同样的七条粘结在数码字形的可伐架上，经压焊、环氧树脂封装构成。单片式、单条式的特点是微小型化，可采用双列直插式封装，大多是专用产品。LED光柱显示器在106mm长度的线路板上，安置101只管芯(最多可达201只管芯)，属于高密度封装，利用光学的折射原理，使点光源通过透明罩壳的13-15条光栅成像，完成每只管芯由点到线的显示，封装技术较为复杂。

　　半导体pn结的电致发光机理决定LED不可能产生具有连续光谱的白光，同时单只LED也不可能产生两种以上的高亮度单色光，只能在封装时借助荧光物质，蓝或紫外LED管芯上涂敷荧光粉，间接产生宽带光谱，合成白光；或采用几种(两种或三种、多种)发不同色光的管芯封装在一个组件外壳内，通过色光的混合构成白光LED。这两种方法都取得实用化，日本2000年生产白光LED达1亿只，发展成一类稳定地发白光的产品，并将多只白光LED设计组装成对光通量要求不高，以局部装饰作用为主，追求新潮的电光源。

　　3、表面贴装封装

　　在2002年，表面贴装封装的LED(SMD LED)逐渐被市场所接受，并获得一定的市场份额，从引脚式封装转向SMD符合整个电子行业发展大趋势，很多生产厂商推出此类产品。

　　早期的SMD LED大多采用带透明塑料体的SOT-23改进型，外形尺寸3．04×1．11mm，卷盘式容器编带包装。在SOT-23基础上，研发出带透镜的高亮度SMD的SLM-125系列，SLM-245系列LED，前者为单色发光，后者为双色或三色发光。近些年，SMD LED成为一个发展热点，很好地解决了亮度、视角、平整度、可*性、一致性等问题，采用更轻的PCB板和反射层材料，在显示反射层需要填充的环氧树脂更少，并去除较重的碳钢材料引脚，通过缩小尺寸，降低重量，可轻易地将产品重量减轻一半，最终使应用更趋完美，尤其适合户内，半户外全彩显示屏应用。

　　表3示出常见的SMD LED的几种尺寸，以及根据尺寸(加上必要的间隙)计算出来的最佳观视距离。焊盘是其散热的重要渠道，厂商提供的SMD LED的数据都是以4．0×4．0mm的焊盘为基础的，采用回流焊可设计成焊盘与引脚相等。超高亮度LED产品可采用PLCC(塑封带引线片式载体)-2封装，外形尺寸为3．0×2．8mm，通过独特方法装配高亮度管芯，产品热阻为400K／W，可按CECC方式焊接，其发光强度在50mA驱动电流下达1250mcd。七段式的一位、两位、三位和四位数码SMD LED显示器件的字符高度为5．08-12．7mm，显示尺寸选择范围宽。PLCC封装避免了引脚七段数码显示器所需的手工插入与引脚对齐工序，符合自动拾取—贴装设备的生产要求，应用设计空间灵活，显示鲜艳清晰。多色PLCC封装带有一个外部反射器，可简便地与发光管或光导相结合，用反射型替代目前的透射型光学设计，为大范围区域提供统一的照明，研发在3．5V、1A驱动条件下工作的功率型SMD LED封装。

　　4、功率型封装

　　LED芯片及封装向大功率方向发展，在大电流下产生比Φ5mmLED大10-20倍的光通量，必须采用有效的散热与不劣化的封装材料解决光衰问题，因此，管壳及封装也是其关键技术，能承受数W功率的LED封装已出现。5W系列白、绿、蓝绿、蓝的功率型LED从2003年初开始供货，白光LED光输出达1871m，光效44．31m／W绿光衰问题，开发出可承受10W功率的LED，大面积管；匕尺寸为2．5×2．5mm，可在5A电流下工作，光输出达2001m，作为固体照明光源有很大发展空间。

　　Luxeon系列功率LED是将A1GalnN功率型倒装管芯倒装焊接在具有焊料凸点的硅载体上，然后把完成倒装焊接的硅载体装入热沉与管壳中，键合引线进行封装。这种封装对于取光效率，散热性能，加大工作电流密度的设计都是最佳的。其主要特点：热阻低，一般仅为14℃／W，只有常规LED的1／10；可*性高，封装内部填充稳定的柔性胶凝体，在-40-120℃范围，不会因温度骤变产生的内应力，使金丝与引线框架断开，并防止环氧树脂透镜变黄，引线框架也不会因氧化而玷污；反射杯和透镜的最佳设计使辐射图样可控和光学效率最高。另外，其输出光功率，外量子效率等性能优异，将LED固体光源发展到一个新水平。

　　Norlux系列功率LED的封装结构为六角形铝板作底座(使其不导电)的多芯片组合，底座直径31．75mm，发光区位于其中心部位，直径约(0.375×25．4)mm，可容纳40只LED管芯，铝板同时作为热沉。管芯的键合引线通过底座上制作的两个接触点与正、负极连接，根据所需输出光功率的大小来确定底座上排列管芯的数目，可组合封装的超高亮度的AlGaInN和AlGaInP管芯，其发射光分别为单色，彩色或合成的白色，最后用高折射率的材料按光学设计形状进行包封。这种封装采用常规管芯高密度组合封装，取光效率高，热阻低，较好地保护管芯与键合引线，在大电流下有较高的光输出功率，也是一种有发展前景的LED固体光源。

　　在应用中，可将已封装产品组装在一个带有铝夹层的金属芯PCB板上，形成功率密度LED，PCB板作为器件电极连接的布线之用，铝芯夹层则可作热沉使用，获得较高的发光通量和光电转换效率。此外，封装好的SMD LED体积很小，可灵活地组合起来，构成模块型、导光板型、聚光型、反射型等多姿多彩的照明光源。

　　功率型LED的热特性直接影响到LED的工作温度、发光效率、发光波长、使用寿命等，因此，对功率型LED芯片的封装设计、制造技术更显得尤为重要。

1# weibing








学习了，多谢有心人啊！！！！！！！！！！！1

学习了.........感谢楼主无私奉献.

太深了 看不懂 来点实用的

理论学习                                                                    .

[whitepad]***400;200;400,200;;** m148,30 l145,30,144,28,133,28,128,29,122,32,113,35,106,38,101,42,95,46,81,60,79,65,76,69,75,73,73,78,73,90,74,95,75,103,78,112,82,119,84,126 96,138,107,142,131,142,137,140,144,134,147,130,148,127,148,123,146,121,146,117 e|********* m138,35 l138,41,136,46,133,53,129,63,129,82,130,91,133,100,138,110,139,115,145,124,152,133,157,142,162,145,168,149,176,150,186,150,186,147,183,138,181,137 e|********* m150,37 l151,36,152,36,154,34,158,34,164,32,173,33,180,37,181,38,187,40,191,43,194,49,196,51,196,65,193,69,191,73,191,83,193,89,200,96,206,99,210,102 214,106,219,107,235,109,238,110,242,110,243,111,246,111,248,113,248,115,244,117,242,119,238,122,234,128,225,134,220,136,216,137,196,137,192,135,189,132,185,130 181,129,176,124,173,124,168,122,164,120,162,118,161,118,159,116,159,114,157,114,157,111,153,107 e|********* m165,60 l167,58,173,58,175,59,176,59,179,61,181,61,181,62,183,64,184,64,186,66,187,68,187,69,188,73,168,86,166,86,164,84,154,76,148,67,147,63,145,57 147,55,151,53,156,53,158,54,161,57,167,60,168,61,169,63,169,64,170,66,171,69,171,71,166,71,166,67,171,67,171,68,172,70,173,71,173,74,166,74 166,72,164,70,166,68,171,68,171,72,168,72,167,70,161,66,160,64 e|********* m233,120 l230,120 e|********* m219,114 l225,114,226,115,238,115 e|********* m218,120 l221,120,233,122,234,122 e|********* m258,39 l261,43,262,48,266,57,269,68,274,80,277,91,278,98,281,104,282,105,285,105,286,98,287,93,287,86,284,75,282,67 e|********* m289,18 l289,33,290,42,290,54,286,69,281,82,273,96,272,97,272,78,277,58,281,54,288,50,297,47,308,42,320,39,331,36,337,34,339,35,340,41,340,55,338,62 338,74,341,77,343,80,352,86,359,87,357,87,348,85,338,82,331,79,330,78,327,74,323,70,323,62,325,59,330,55,337,53,343,51,371,51,363,55 e|********* m290,128 l290,131,291,134,291,146,289,152,287,155,286,156 e|********* m275,159 l275,173,277,171,283,164,291,153,305,134,307,134,312,135,315,139,316,142,318,146,318,149,315,156,312,159,309,163,309,161,322,142,333,137,342,134,350,132,358,132 358,145,363,150,368,152,376,155,381,158,382,160,380,162,375,166,368,172,359,175,353,176,352,173,352,158,354,149,358,146,363,146,376,150,392,157 e[/whitepad]

[whitepad]***400;200;400,200;;** m51,123 l51,105,52,104,53,104,53,102,55,100,56,100,56,98,57,94,58,93,58,90,59,89,60,85,62,83,63,79,63,59,64,58,64,56,65,56,66,55,66,53 67,52,68,52,71,49,72,49,73,48,74,48,74,47,76,47,76,46,78,46,79,45,80,45,81,44,83,44,84,43,86,43,90,42,91,42,91,41,98,41 98,40,150,40 e|********* m64,57 l64,62,65,63,65,67,67,69,67,70,68,71,68,73,69,74,69,79,70,80,70,81,71,82,71,84,72,84,72,86,74,88,74,91,75,91,76,95,78,97 79,97,79,101,80,101,80,105,81,105,81,109,82,109,83,113,85,115,85,119,87,121,88,125,89,125,89,127,90,128,90,130,95,130,95,131,99,131,99,132 103,132,103,133,108,133,109,134,116,134,116,135,117,135,118,136,174,136,174,135,175,135,175,134,176,133,176,62,175,62,175,61,174,60,174,56,173,56,173,55 171,53,171,52,170,52,170,50,169,50,169,49,168,49,168,48,167,47,165,47,164,46,163,46,163,45,161,45,160,44,158,44,158,43,157,43,156,42,154,42 154,41,152,41,151,40,149,40,149,39,147,39 e|********* m176,67 l177,67,177,68,178,69,180,69,181,70,181,71,182,72,184,72,185,73,186,73,186,74,187,74,187,83,188,84,188,85,189,86,189,91,190,92,192,92,193,93 194,93,195,94,199,94,199,95,203,96,204,97,208,98,209,99,213,99,214,100,230,100,233,103,236,104,237,104,241,105,245,105,249,106,259,106,263,107,265,107 265,128,264,129,264,131,263,131,263,138,262,139,262,140,261,141,261,150,260,150,260,154,259,154,259,155,258,156,258,157,257,158,257,161,219,161,219,162,215,162 215,163,213,163,211,165,211,166,198,166,197,167,187,167,186,168,184,168,183,169,180,169,178,171,173,171,171,173,163,173,158,174,141,174,140,175,123,175,121,177 125,184,112,184,110,182,106,182,104,180,103,180,102,179,101,179,97,178,96,178,92,177,88,177,87,176,86,176,82,175,79,175,76,174,73,174,72,173,69,173 69,172,68,171,68,170,67,170,67,169,66,168,66,161,65,158,65,156,64,155,64,154,63,153,63,149,62,148,62,146,60,144,60,143,59,142,59,138,58,137 58,134,57,134,57,129,56,128,56,124,55,124,55,120,54,119,54,117,53,117,53,114,52,113,52,110,51,110,50,109,45,109,43,111,43,112,40,115,40,116 39,117,38,117,37,118,36,122,25,133,21,134,21,115,19,107,18,107,15,108,12,111,11,111,11,113 e|********* m79,176 l80,176,80,180,79,181,79,185,78,185,78,187,77,188,77,189,76,190,76,193,75,193,75,199 e|********* m19,114 l18,115,18,119,17,120,16,123,11,129,11,133,9,137,8,141 e|********* m24,134 l24,138,22,142,17,148,12,156,6,161,6,165,4,170,4,174,3,175,3,176,6,175 e|********* m39,142 l39,145,37,150,35,158,34,163,29,168,28,172,27,177,26,181,25,182,25,186,24,186,24,185 e|********* m63,159 l63,162,58,167,57,171,56,176,50,181,49,185,48,190,47,190,47,192,46,193,46,194,45,194 e|********* m186,87 l185,87,185,88,184,89,184,102,192,102,192,93,191,93,191,92,189,90,188,90,187,89,186,89,185,90,185,98,186,99,186,91,188,91,188,99,187,99,187,98 186,98 e|********* m216,127 l222,127,226,128,240,128,245,129,261,129 e|********* m256,123 l256,113,257,112,261,112,261,125,260,125,260,124,259,123,259,121,258,120,258,116 e|********* m254,148 l254,137,259,137,259,141,257,143,255,143,255,144,254,144,254,142,256,140,257,140,257,139 e|********* m136,143 l190,143,198,144,202,145,203,145,202,146 e|********* m141,158 l149,158,154,156,184,156,189,154,190,154 e|********* m172,157 l192,157 e|********* m65,106 l64,105,63,101,63,100,62,99,58,98,53,93,45,92,40,91,36,90,35,90 e|********* m65,114 l65,113,64,113,63,112,58,111,55,111,54,110,49,110,49,109,48,109 e|********* m66,117 l65,116,56,116,52,117,49,117,49,122 e|********* m95,129 l95,134,93,138,92,143,87,151,81,160,76,165,75,169,74,170 e|********* m66,155 l66,160,65,161,65,163 e|********* m67,146 l67,149,65,154,65,158,64,159,64,158 e|********* m66,135 l66,138,61,143,60,147,59,152,57,156,57,158 e|********* m89,158 l89,175 e|********* m94,162 l94,167,96,171,96,177 e|********* m106,163 l106,168,107,172,108,177,109,181,109,182 e|********* m111,166 l111,168 e|********* m120,156 l121,163,126,168,127,172,129,177,130,181,130,186 e|********* m121,180 l121,183,122,188,124,196,124,199,125,194 e|********* m133,168 l134,168,134,172,135,176,136,181,136,185,137,189,137,194,138,193 e|********* m155,177 l156,177,157,180,158,181,158,187 e|********* m157,168 l157,172,158,176,158,181 e|********* m168,171 l169,171,169,175,170,176,170,181 e|********* m180,160 l181,160,184,161,184,164,185,164 e|********* m114,49 l114,36,116,34 e|********* m135,49 l139,47,140,47,146,41,151,41 e|********* m147,65 l151,60,156,59,157,55,161,55,162,54,165,54 e|********* m156,100 l156,104,161,105,162,110,163,114,165,116 e|********* m120,100 l119,104,119,105,118,109,117,109,115,111,115,112,114,113 e|********* m123,114 l124,115,125,119 e|********* m312,47 l312,46,313,45,314,41,318,40,323,39,327,39,331,37,348,37,352,38,353,39,354,43,354,47,356,52,356,56,357,63,357,71,355,75,354,83,350,85,341,90 333,92,328,97,320,98,311,98,311,101,315,106,316,107,317,111,318,111,319,115,319,120,320,121,320,122,324,126 e|********* m332,148 l343,148,343,150,344,151,344,155,343,156,337,156,337,155,336,155,334,153,334,151,333,150,333,146 e[/whitepad]

心有多大,舞台就有多大.

{:1_118:}

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[whitepad]***400;200;400,200;;** m82,58 l82,59,86,55,86,54,87,54,88,53,89,53,90,52,93,50,94,50,98,48,100,48,106,44,108,43,124,43,128,44,129,45,131,45,136,49,139,51,140,52 144,55,151,62,152,64,154,67,160,75,162,80,166,86,169,90,170,94,172,100,172,119,171,121,158,134,154,136,147,139,141,141,137,142,130,145,126,146,120,147 116,148,113,150,111,152,104,152,101,153,94,153,89,154,87,155,138,155,144,156,149,157,213,157,220,154,225,154,229,152,232,152,236,150,243,148,244,147,246,146 247,145,248,142 e|********* m84,60 l74,60,72,59,69,59,68,58,66,55,65,54,63,51,60,48,60,47,59,46,59,43,58,43,58,32,60,29,66,27,68,26,69,25,71,24,72,23,73,23 75,22,79,18,81,17,133,17,137,19,143,19,149,20,157,22,167,23,173,24,179,26,181,26,184,27,186,27,189,29,193,31,196,33,197,33,199,35,201,39 201,44,202,45,202,47,204,49,204,54,206,57,206,73,205,74,205,82,207,84,210,85,211,85,214,87,218,91,221,92,222,93,225,95,229,99,231,100,232,102 236,106,237,108,239,109,240,111,241,111,242,112,245,112,248,113,248,114,252,114,254,115,257,115,261,116,265,118,266,118,269,119,273,120,276,121,278,121,283,123 286,124,293,124,294,126,296,127,297,128,299,132,300,133,303,137,304,139,304,143,306,147,308,153,308,157,309,162,309,173,310,176,310,182,308,186,303,191,220,191 216,193,198,193,194,194,186,194,181,195,175,196,164,196,158,198,75,198,73,197,72,196,70,195,70,194,69,193,69,185,70,183,74,179,77,178,82,177,84,175 88,173,91,172,92,171,92,170,94,168,95,168,97,166,97,165,103,163,104,163,107,161,109,160,110,160,113,159,117,159,119,158,120,158,122,157,124,155,127,155 e|********* m82,33 l82,35,83,35,86,34,87,33,87,32 e|********* m95,20 l96,20,100,22,101,24,104,27,106,31,108,33,110,36,111,39,113,41,116,47,116,53 e|********* m152,54 l152,51,153,48,153,47,154,47,156,45,159,45,163,43,191,43,197,44,202,46,208,52,209,52,215,57,216,60,218,63,218,74,217,76,216,77,215,79,213,81 211,82,209,84,207,84,201,86,193,86,187,87,185,87,179,88,178,88,177,89,177,90,176,91,175,93,175,94,174,98,174,110,178,114,185,117,188,118,192,120 193,120,193,127,195,130,198,135,205,140,215,143,227,149,240,152,238,152,228,153,221,153,213,154,207,155,186,155,187,156,195,158,206,158,216,159,222,160,102,160 99,161,103,162,109,163,121,163,127,164,138,165,154,168,234,168,235,167,227,166,157,166,151,167,150,168,150,170,156,173,166,174,183,176,153,176,153,178,157,181 167,184,179,185,194,187,209,188,168,188,149,186,188,186,203,182,211,181,217,180,218,179,217,177,216,176,215,176,215,173,214,172,118,172,117,173,111,173,111,174 110,175,110,180,109,182,108,183,107,183,107,184,101,190,97,191,94,192,83,192,81,194,108,194,110,193,128,193,130,192,131,192,134,191,137,188,144,188,147,186 150,185,152,185,153,184,153,181,154,180,159,178,168,178,171,176,175,176,177,175,182,175,184,174,185,174,187,172,190,171,194,170,195,169,196,169,199,167,201,166 204,165,206,165,209,161,211,160,214,159,216,158,219,156,221,155,222,155,225,154,228,150,231,148,234,145,235,145,241,142,241,141,243,139,244,139,245,138,259,138 263,139,265,141,267,144,269,150,269,164,267,166,250,166,247,167,245,169,244,169,243,170,273,170,274,168,276,166,276,163,275,161,275,157,274,156,274,163,276,165 276,170,275,171,264,171,263,170,260,170,260,171,278,171,280,169,281,169,283,168,306,168,298,169,285,170,223,170,211,171,207,172,203,172,202,173,203,173,209,174 219,175,231,178,244,179,267,182,279,185,286,185,291,186,295,187,257,187,257,188,260,190,263,190,248,186,216,183,226,183,212,178,282,178,283,177,280,175,274,172 253,169,250,169,249,167,249,165,250,161,257,160,265,158,265,156,263,155,260,154,288,154,286,152,265,152,233,150,216,148,201,148,200,147,203,145,264,145,283,143 284,142,284,141,270,139,260,137,239,133,251,133,253,132,252,131,250,130,244,130,236,127,220,124,217,124,214,121,205,121,204,120,204,116,211,114,212,113,212,112 211,111,200,111,189,109,171,108,180,108 e[/whitepad]

[whitepad]***400;200;400,200;;** m147,92 l146,93,141,88,138,87,136,86,135,86,134,85,133,85,132,84,130,84,127,81,124,80,104,80,101,82,91,87,86,92,84,95,80,99,78,104,77,105,77,113 75,117,75,134,78,140,78,144,80,148,83,151,85,156,88,159,92,160,95,163,98,164,100,165,105,169,108,170,147,170,152,166,156,165,160,162,163,159,166,155 167,154,170,150,174,145,176,141,176,140,177,137,179,134,179,113,178,111,164,97,152,97,151,96,139,96,136,93,135,93 e|********* m101,122 l100,123,97,120,96,120,95,122,94,125,94,146,97,149,98,149,100,151,112,151,115,147,117,145,118,143,118,138,120,135,120,132,117,129,117,128,116,126,115,122 114,122,113,120,111,118,111,115,110,114,109,114,108,113,100,113,98,115,97,117,96,118,95,120 e|********* m143,121 l142,120,139,120,137,121,134,124,134,129,133,129,133,138,134,140,138,144,141,145,154,145,156,144,158,144,160,141,161,140,162,137,164,135,164,129,159,124,155,122 153,122,152,121,143,121,141,119 e|********* m263,57 l263,56,266,52,268,50,272,49,277,45,283,45,287,43,309,43,313,46,317,48,322,53,325,57,327,59,328,62,332,66,332,74,333,78,333,90,330,96,329,100 327,103,325,108,321,110,308,123,302,126,299,127,288,127,286,126,284,126,283,125,283,119,287,119,291,117,293,117,294,118,296,121,296,126,297,129,297,132,298,135 298,150 e|********* m301,174 l310,174,312,175,313,174,313,164,310,161,306,161,302,163,301,164,298,164,296,167,295,168,295,175,298,178,310,178,312,176,312,170 e[/whitepad]

学习了.........感谢楼主无私奉献.